Photosensitive plastic used to produce three-dimensional casting patterns

Patterns with small lettering and intricate designs are prepared by using two-dimensional artwork, photographic reduction and Dycril. Two-dimensional artwork and photographic processes replace conventional relief work. Artwork size is convenient and does not restrict lettering and design size in casting

Complex numbers from 1600 to 1840

This thesis uses primary and secondary sources to study advances in complex number theory during the 17th and 18th Centuries. Some space is also given to the early 19th Century. Six questions concerning their rules of operation, usage, symbolism, nature, representation and attitudes to them are posed in the Introduction. The main part of the thesis quotes from the works of Descartes, Newton, Wallis, Saunderson, Maclaurin, d'Alembert, Euler, Waring, Frend, Hutton, Arbogast, de Missery, Argand, Cauchy, Hamilton, de Morgan, Sylvester and others, mainly in chronological order, with comment and discussion. More attention has been given tp algebraists, the originators of most advances in complex numbers, than to writers in trigonometry, calculus and analysis, who tended to be users of them. The last chapter summarises the most important points and considers the extent to which the six questions have been resolved. The most important developments during the period are identified as follows: (i) the advance in status of complex numbers from 'useless' to 'useful'. (ii) their interpretation by Wallis, Argand and Gauss in arithmetic, geometric and algebraic ways. (iii) the discovery that they are essential for understanding polynomials and logarithmic, exponential and trigonometric functions. (iv) the extension of trigonometry, calculus and analysis into the complex number field. (v) the discovery that complex numbers are closed under exponentiation, and so under all algebraic operations. (vi) partial reform of nomenclature and symbolism. (vii) the eventual extension of complex number theory to n dimensions

C-type lectin-like receptors of the dectin-1 cluster : ligands and signaling pathways

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C-type lectin receptors of the Dectin-1 cluster : Physiological roles and involvement in disease

Acknowledgements: We apologise to our many colleagues whose valuable work we could not cite due to space constraints. Funding was provided by the Wellcome Trust (102705, 097377), the Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology and the University of Aberdeen (MR/N006364/1). KT received a research fellowship from Jikei University School of Medicine.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Signalling through MyD88 drives surface expression of the mycobacterial receptors MCL (Clecsf8, Clec4d) and Mincle (Clec4e) following microbial stimulation

Acknowledgements We would like to thank the staff of the animal facility for their support and care for our animals. Funding was provided by the Wellcome Trust (102705) and Medical Research Council (UK) (MR/J004820/1) and a University of Aberdeen Studentship to BK.Peer reviewedPostprintPublisher PD

Characterization of antifungal C-type lectin receptor expression on murine epithelial and endothelial cells in mucosal tissues

Funding Information: We thank P. Asamaphan, A. Clark, and B. Kerscher for providing NIH overexpression cell lines, S. Yamasaki for the anti‐Mincle antibody, the staff of the University of Aberdeen animal facility for the care for our animals, and the Iain Fraser Cytometry Centre at the University of Aberdeen for their assistance. This work was supported by funding from the Wellcome Trust (102705, 217163), the Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, and the University of Exeter (MR/N006364/2).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Dectin-1 Is A Major β-Glucan Receptor On Macrophages

Zymosan is a β-glucan– and mannan-rich particle that is widely used as a cellular activator for examining the numerous responses effected by phagocytes. The macrophage mannose receptor (MR) and complement receptor 3 (CR3) have historically been considered the major macrophage lectins involved in the nonopsonic recognition of these yeast-derived particles. Using specific carbohydrate inhibitors, we show that a β-glucan receptor, but not the MR, is a predominant receptor involved in this process. Furthermore, nonopsonic zymosan binding was unaffected by genetic CD11b deficiency or a blocking monoclonal antibody (mAb) against CR3, demonstrating that CR3 was not the β-glucan receptor mediating this activity. To address the role of the recently described β-glucan receptor, Dectin-1, we generated a novel anti–Dectin-1 mAb, 2A11. Using this mAb, we show here that Dectin-1 was almost exclusively responsible for the β-glucan–dependent, nonopsonic recognition of zymosan by primary macro-phages. These findings define Dectin-1 as the leukocyte β-glucan receptor, first described over 50 years ago, and resolves the long-standing controversy regarding the identity of this important molecule. Furthermore, these results identify Dectin-1 as a new target for examining the immunomodulatory properties of β-glucans for therapeutic drug design

Aspergillus-induced superoxide production by cystic fibrosis phagocytes is associated with disease severity

We would like to thank the CF patients for their participation and a special thank you goes to CF nurses Karen Griffiths and Sandra Steele (Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK) for their invaluable contribution to this study. Support statement: A. Warris, G.D. Brown, S.F. Brunel and J.A. Willment were supported by the Wellcome Trust Strategic Award (grant 097377) and the MRC Centre for Medical Mycology (grant MR/N006364/1) at the University of Aberdeen. A. Warris and S.F. Brunel were also supported by the Chloe Fund. Funding information for this article has been deposited with the Crossref Funder Registry.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

The C-Type Lectin Receptor CLECSF8/CLEC4D Is a Key Component of Anti-Mycobacterial Immunity

Open Access funded by Wellcome Trust: Under a Creative Commons license Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Acknowledgments We would like to thank S. Hardison, P. Redelinghuys, J. Taylor, C. Wallace, A. Richmond, S. Hadebe, A. Plato, F. Abbass, L. Fick, N. Allie, R. Wilkinson, K. Wilkinson, S. Cooper, D. Lang, and V. Kumar for reagents and assistance, and the animal facility staff for the care of our animals. This work was supported by the MRC (UK) and Wellcome Trust (G.D.B.); MRC (South Africa) and Sydney Brenner Fellowship (M.J.M.); Vici (M.G.N.), Vidi (R.v.C.), and Veni grants (T.S.P.) from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research; the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (T.H.M.O.); EC FP7 projects (NEWTBVAC, ADITEC; T.H.M.O.); Carnegie Corporation and CIDRI (J.C.H.); and the University of Aberdeen (B.K.).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

MelLec Exacerbates the Pathogenesis of Aspergillus fumigatus-Induced Allergic Inflammation in Mice

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the staff of the University of Aberdeen animal facility for their support and care for our animals. We also would like to express gratitude to Linda Duncan and Ailsa Laird of the Ian Fraser Cytometry Centre at the University of Aberdeen for their technical support and advice. Funding was provided by the Wellcome Trust (102705, 097377) and the Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology (MR/N006364/2). For the purpose of open access, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission. KT received a research fellowship from The Jikei University School of Medicine.Peer reviewedPublisher PD